Written questions by Foy.

What estimate she has made of the number of universities at risk of insolvency in each of the last five years, broken down by Russell Group and non-Russell Group institutions.

Awaiting answer.

What recent assessment she has made of the adequacy of funding for the Institute for Computational Cosmology.

Awaiting answer.

What recent assessment she has made of the number of course closures announced in higher education over the past year.

We are aware that some higher education (HE) providers are making difficult decisions about course consolidation and closures. As autonomous institutions, HE providers are responsible for managing their own finances. It is therefore right that they focus on ensuring their courses are financially sustainable.The Office for Students (OfS) is responsible for monitoring and reporting on the HE sector’s financial sustainability. The department works closely with the OfS to understand the sector’s changing financial landscape and level of risk.The government recognises that the sector's financial environment is challenging. This is why tuition fee caps were uplifted in line with forecast inflation for 2025/26, with further uplifts planned for 2026/27 and 2027/28. We will then legislate to increase tuition fee caps automatically for future academic years. The department has also appointed Professor Edward Peck as OfS Chair, where he will play a key role in strengthening its commitment to financial sustainability.

What assessment her Department has made of the potential impact of the international student levy on university incomes.

The International Student Levy will require higher education (HE) providers to pay a flat fee of £925 per international student per year. An impact analysis of the levy published in November 2025 estimated the income losses to the HE sector from the levy in isolation to be £270 million in its first year. The full impact analysis is available here: https://consult.education.gov.uk/international-student-levy-unit/international-student-levy/supporting_documents/international-student-levy-impact-analysispdf.HE providers are independent from government and as such are responsible for managing their own finances. The department has announced increases to tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation for the 2025/26, 2026/27, and 2027/28 academic years. We will also legislate, when parliamentary time allows, to increase tuition fee caps automatically for future academic years.Over the next five years, tuition fee limit uplifts could generate an additional £6 billion for HE providers, significantly outweighing the currently projected less than £1 billion cost of the levy. This approach ensures the sector benefits from compounding annual increases, delivering growing resources to support quality education and innovation.

What recent assessment her Department has made of trends in the levels of the risk of insolvency among universities in England.

We are aware that some higher education (HE) providers are making difficult decisions about course consolidation and closures. As autonomous institutions, HE providers are responsible for managing their own finances. It is therefore right that they focus on ensuring their courses are financially sustainable.The Office for Students (OfS) is responsible for monitoring and reporting on the HE sector’s financial sustainability. The department works closely with the OfS to understand the sector’s changing financial landscape and level of risk.The government recognises that the sector's financial environment is challenging. This is why tuition fee caps were uplifted in line with forecast inflation for 2025/26, with further uplifts planned for 2026/27 and 2027/28. We will then legislate to increase tuition fee caps automatically for future academic years. The department has also appointed Professor Edward Peck as OfS Chair, where he will play a key role in strengthening its commitment to financial sustainability.

What steps she plans to take to improve a) universal, b) targeted and c) specialist speech, language and communication support.

Speech and Language Therapists (SaLTs) play a critical role in early intervention for children and young people. By breaking down communication barriers, they unlock learning, inclusion, and opportunity for every child.The department is working closely with the Department of Health and Social Care and NHS England to improve access to community health services, including speech and language therapy, for children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities. This includes extending the Early Language and Support for Every Child programme, trialling new ways of working to better identify and support children with speech, language and communication needs in early years settings and primary schools.We are also continuing to grow the pipeline. In addition to the undergraduate degree route, speech and language therapists can also train via a degree apprenticeship. This route is now in its fourth year of delivery and offers an alternative pathway to the traditional degree route into a successful career as a speech and language therapist.Further plans to bolster this critical workforce will be set out in the forthcoming Schools White Paper.

What assessment she has made of the potential implications for her policies of the Disabled Children’s Partnership and the Speech, Language and Communication Alliance's 2025 report entitled How to spend less and get better outcomes for children with speech, language challenges.

The department recognises that early identification and intervention is critical to improving outcomes for children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities. We are strengthening the evidence base of what works to improve early identification in mainstream settings. Recently published evidence reviews from University College London highlight the most effective tools and strategies to identify and support different types of needs. We recently announced new government-backed research which will aim to develop and test effective approaches to help early identification. The department is also working with the Department of Health and Social Care and NHS England to improve access to community health services, including speech and language therapy.

What assessment her Department has made of the potential merits of making (a) critical thinking and (b) problem solving key competencies in the education system.

It is important that young people are equipped with the key knowledge and skills to adapt to a rapidly changing world.The government has established an independent Curriculum and Assessment Review, which is evaluating the existing national curriculum and statutory assessment system in England, to ensure they are fit for purpose. It is considering whether there is sufficient coverage of knowledge and skills that are essential to sufficiently prepare children and young people for future life and to thrive.The Review’s interim report, published in March 2025, notes the rise of artificial intelligence and trends in digital information, and states the curriculum must keep pace with these changes, including a renewed focus on digital and media literacy and critical thinking skills.The Review’s final report and recommendations will be published in autumn, at which point the government will respond.

What steps she is taking to ensure that PSHE education is consistently embedded as part of the curriculum in all year groups in secondary education.

All schools should teach personal, social, health and economic (PSHE) education, drawing on good practice, and this expectation is outlined in the national curriculum framework document.The department published revised relationships, sex and health education statutory guidance on 15 July, which sets out a comprehensive and age-appropriate curriculum for all pupils in England. The revised guidance will become statutory on 1 September 2026, replacing the existing guidance which has been in force since 2020. The guidance is available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/relationships-education-relationships-and-sex-education-rse-and-health-education. We know that many schools choose to teach some of the content from the curriculum in their PSHE or similarly described programme for their pupils.The government has established an independent Curriculum and Assessment Review, which wants to ensure a rich, broad, inclusive and innovative curriculum that readies young people for life and work. Their final report and recommendations will be published in the autumn, followed by the government’s response.

What assessment her Department has made of the potential implications for her policies of the report of the National Literacy Trust entitled Children and young people’s writing in 2025, published in June 2025.

​​I refer my hon. Friend the member for the City of Durham to the answer of 03 July 2025 to Question 62713.​

What steps her Department is taking to support post-92 institutions to (a) improve the educational experience and (b) widen participation of disadvantaged students.

All higher education (HE) providers registered with the Office for Students (OfS) that intend to charge higher level tuition fees must have an access and participation plan approved by the OfS. Access and participation plans articulate how HE providers will improve equality of opportunity for underrepresented groups.The department wants providers to be more ambitious and play a stronger role in improving the access and outcomes for disadvantaged students.The department made £281 million of funding available to providers for the 2024/25 academic year via the recurrent element of the Strategic Priorities Grant. This was in the form of student premiums and mental health support to support successful outcomes for students, including for disadvantaged students. Funding arrangements for the next academic year will be announced in due course.

What steps she is taking to to help improve access for students to courses at all levels in (a) history, (b) arts and (c) the humanities.

The government is committed to supporting access to creative subjects, such as the arts, history and humanities, in higher education.For the 2024/25 academic year, the department has allocated around £12.9 million in high-cost subject funding from the Strategic Priorities Grant (SPG) towards creative and performing arts courses to cover course costs.The department has also maintained SPG funding for world-leading small and specialist providers at £58 million for the 2024/25 academic year. Of the 20 providers recognised in this way, 12 are creative and performing arts providers.​​ ​

What assessment her Department has made of the stability of higher education finances.

The Office for Students (OfS), the independent regulator of English higher education (HE) providers, collects and analyses providers’ financial data to ensure they have an up to date understanding of the sustainability of the sector.The OfS’ May 2024 report set out their assessment of the HE sector’s financial health for the 2022/23 financial year and forecasts for the next four financial years. On 15 November, the OfS published an update to this report, which found that the financial context for the HE sector has become more challenging since the May report. The government works closely with the OfS to understand the financial landscape in the sector.While the sector is autonomous and independent, the government is determined to secure the future of our world-leading HE sector. That is why we have taken decisive action to support providers in moving towards a more stable financial footing.In March, Professor Edward Peck was appointed as substantive Chair of the OfS. Professor Peck will continue the work of interim Chair, Sir David Behan, focusing on the sector’s financial sustainability and increasing opportunities in HE.Moreover, in November, my right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education announced the difficult decision to increase tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation. The maximum fee for a standard full-time undergraduate course in the 2025/26 academic year will increase by 3.1%, from £9,250 to £9,535. In return for the increased investment we are asking students to make, the department expects the sector to deliver the very best outcomes, both for those students and for the country.The department is clear that HE providers need to ensure their governance arrangements are robust and facilitate prudent, transparent and strategic financial planning. Providers must also ensure they are fit for purpose more widely, including upholding academic freedom, freedom of speech and ensuring good quality of provision. The OfS has recently consulted on proposals to strengthen the conditions related to management and governance for providers that wish to join its register.The government also recognises the impact that financial pressures are having on the HE workforce. We are aware that some providers are making difficult decisions around staffing in order to safeguard their financial sustainability. Given universities are independent, they are responsible for pay and provision of staff and the government does not have a role in intervening. However, we expect providers to work with staff, using their knowledge and experience to help identify how best to operate efficiently. All efficiency measures taken by the sector should provide a better long-term future for staff, students and the country.This government is determined to build a HE system fit for the future. Ministers and departmental officials remain dedicated to engaging with the OfS, the employer body, HE unions and the wider sector. Regular discussions are being held to gain a deeper understanding of the issues impacting HE providers, students and staff. This collaborative effort will contribute to the development of the department’s plan for HE reform, which we will publish in the summer.

If she will take steps with Cabinet colleagues to remove the immigration health surcharge for international students.

It is right that international students pay the immigration health surcharge (IHS), which sees them make a financial contribution to the comprehensive range of NHS services available to them during their stay in the UK. Students are subject to the discounted rate of £776 per person, per year.This government currently has no plans to remove the IHS for international students. We have, however, made clear that our overall approach is to welcome international students who enrich our university campuses, forge lifelong friendships with our domestic students and become global ambassadors for the UK.

If she will make an assessment of the potential merits of introducing an alternative to the fee-based funding model for higher education.

The higher education (HE) sector needs a secure financial footing to face the challenges of the next decade and to ensure that all students can be confident they will receive the world-class HE experience they deserve. This is why, after seven years of frozen fee caps under the previous government, we have taken the difficult decision to increase maximum tuition fee limits for the 2025/26 academic year by 3.1%, in line with the forecast rate of inflation.The government believes in the principle that a fee-based funding model and income-contingent student loan repayment system is the most equitable way of ensuring that individuals who have benefited directly from HE make a fair contribution towards its cost. Upfront tuition fee loans have allowed many more students, including disadvantaged students, to access HE through removing financial barriers so that everyone with the ability and desire to enter HE can do so.Student loans have important protections for borrowers. Monthly repayments depend on earnings, not on interest rates or the amount borrowed, and no-one who earns under the student loan repayment threshold is required to make any repayments at all. At the end of the loan term, any outstanding loan balance, including interest built up, will be written off with no detriment to the borrower.The department will publish its plan for broader HE reform this summer and work with the sector and the Office for Students to deliver the change that the country needs.

What assessment her Department has made of the potential merits of introducing student number controls to address competition in the sector.

My right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education will set out a plan for reform of the higher education sector in the summer. These reforms will ensure our world-leading sector can provide the skills required to deliver economic growth through the industrial strategy and support the wider changes the country needs in the years to come.As part of this plan, the department will focus on providers’ efficiency and effectiveness, increasing collaboration with other skills providers, strengthening the civic role of providers and ensuring the right improvement and stronger alignment of provision with the needs of students and the economy.

What steps her Department is taking to help mitigate potential job losses in the higher education sector.

The Office for Students (OfS), the independent regulator of English higher education (HE) providers, collects and analyses providers’ financial data to ensure they have an up to date understanding of the sustainability of the sector.The OfS’ May 2024 report set out their assessment of the HE sector’s financial health for the 2022/23 financial year and forecasts for the next four financial years. On 15 November, the OfS published an update to this report, which found that the financial context for the HE sector has become more challenging since the May report. The government works closely with the OfS to understand the financial landscape in the sector.While the sector is autonomous and independent, the government is determined to secure the future of our world-leading HE sector. That is why we have taken decisive action to support providers in moving towards a more stable financial footing.In March, Professor Edward Peck was appointed as substantive Chair of the OfS. Professor Peck will continue the work of interim Chair, Sir David Behan, focusing on the sector’s financial sustainability and increasing opportunities in HE.Moreover, in November, my right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education announced the difficult decision to increase tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation. The maximum fee for a standard full-time undergraduate course in the 2025/26 academic year will increase by 3.1%, from £9,250 to £9,535. In return for the increased investment we are asking students to make, the department expects the sector to deliver the very best outcomes, both for those students and for the country.The department is clear that HE providers need to ensure their governance arrangements are robust and facilitate prudent, transparent and strategic financial planning. Providers must also ensure they are fit for purpose more widely, including upholding academic freedom, freedom of speech and ensuring good quality of provision. The OfS has recently consulted on proposals to strengthen the conditions related to management and governance for providers that wish to join its register.The government also recognises the impact that financial pressures are having on the HE workforce. We are aware that some providers are making difficult decisions around staffing in order to safeguard their financial sustainability. Given universities are independent, they are responsible for pay and provision of staff and the government does not have a role in intervening. However, we expect providers to work with staff, using their knowledge and experience to help identify how best to operate efficiently. All efficiency measures taken by the sector should provide a better long-term future for staff, students and the country.This government is determined to build a HE system fit for the future. Ministers and departmental officials remain dedicated to engaging with the OfS, the employer body, HE unions and the wider sector. Regular discussions are being held to gain a deeper understanding of the issues impacting HE providers, students and staff. This collaborative effort will contribute to the development of the department’s plan for HE reform, which we will publish in the summer.

What steps her Department is taking to encourage strategic financial planning in the higher education sector.

The Office for Students (OfS), the independent regulator of English higher education (HE) providers, collects and analyses providers’ financial data to ensure they have an up to date understanding of the sustainability of the sector.The OfS’ May 2024 report set out their assessment of the HE sector’s financial health for the 2022/23 financial year and forecasts for the next four financial years. On 15 November, the OfS published an update to this report, which found that the financial context for the HE sector has become more challenging since the May report. The government works closely with the OfS to understand the financial landscape in the sector.While the sector is autonomous and independent, the government is determined to secure the future of our world-leading HE sector. That is why we have taken decisive action to support providers in moving towards a more stable financial footing.In March, Professor Edward Peck was appointed as substantive Chair of the OfS. Professor Peck will continue the work of interim Chair, Sir David Behan, focusing on the sector’s financial sustainability and increasing opportunities in HE.Moreover, in November, my right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education announced the difficult decision to increase tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation. The maximum fee for a standard full-time undergraduate course in the 2025/26 academic year will increase by 3.1%, from £9,250 to £9,535. In return for the increased investment we are asking students to make, the department expects the sector to deliver the very best outcomes, both for those students and for the country.The department is clear that HE providers need to ensure their governance arrangements are robust and facilitate prudent, transparent and strategic financial planning. Providers must also ensure they are fit for purpose more widely, including upholding academic freedom, freedom of speech and ensuring good quality of provision. The OfS has recently consulted on proposals to strengthen the conditions related to management and governance for providers that wish to join its register.The government also recognises the impact that financial pressures are having on the HE workforce. We are aware that some providers are making difficult decisions around staffing in order to safeguard their financial sustainability. Given universities are independent, they are responsible for pay and provision of staff and the government does not have a role in intervening. However, we expect providers to work with staff, using their knowledge and experience to help identify how best to operate efficiently. All efficiency measures taken by the sector should provide a better long-term future for staff, students and the country.This government is determined to build a HE system fit for the future. Ministers and departmental officials remain dedicated to engaging with the OfS, the employer body, HE unions and the wider sector. Regular discussions are being held to gain a deeper understanding of the issues impacting HE providers, students and staff. This collaborative effort will contribute to the development of the department’s plan for HE reform, which we will publish in the summer.

If she will take steps to increase financial decision-making transparency in universities.

The Office for Students (OfS), the independent regulator of English higher education (HE) providers, collects and analyses providers’ financial data to ensure they have an up to date understanding of the sustainability of the sector.The OfS’ May 2024 report set out their assessment of the HE sector’s financial health for the 2022/23 financial year and forecasts for the next four financial years. On 15 November, the OfS published an update to this report, which found that the financial context for the HE sector has become more challenging since the May report. The government works closely with the OfS to understand the financial landscape in the sector.While the sector is autonomous and independent, the government is determined to secure the future of our world-leading HE sector. That is why we have taken decisive action to support providers in moving towards a more stable financial footing.In March, Professor Edward Peck was appointed as substantive Chair of the OfS. Professor Peck will continue the work of interim Chair, Sir David Behan, focusing on the sector’s financial sustainability and increasing opportunities in HE.Moreover, in November, my right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education announced the difficult decision to increase tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation. The maximum fee for a standard full-time undergraduate course in the 2025/26 academic year will increase by 3.1%, from £9,250 to £9,535. In return for the increased investment we are asking students to make, the department expects the sector to deliver the very best outcomes, both for those students and for the country.The department is clear that HE providers need to ensure their governance arrangements are robust and facilitate prudent, transparent and strategic financial planning. Providers must also ensure they are fit for purpose more widely, including upholding academic freedom, freedom of speech and ensuring good quality of provision. The OfS has recently consulted on proposals to strengthen the conditions related to management and governance for providers that wish to join its register.The government also recognises the impact that financial pressures are having on the HE workforce. We are aware that some providers are making difficult decisions around staffing in order to safeguard their financial sustainability. Given universities are independent, they are responsible for pay and provision of staff and the government does not have a role in intervening. However, we expect providers to work with staff, using their knowledge and experience to help identify how best to operate efficiently. All efficiency measures taken by the sector should provide a better long-term future for staff, students and the country.This government is determined to build a HE system fit for the future. Ministers and departmental officials remain dedicated to engaging with the OfS, the employer body, HE unions and the wider sector. Regular discussions are being held to gain a deeper understanding of the issues impacting HE providers, students and staff. This collaborative effort will contribute to the development of the department’s plan for HE reform, which we will publish in the summer.

What assessment her Department has made of the potential merits of a review of the governance of higher education.

The Office for Students (OfS), the independent regulator of English higher education (HE) providers, collects and analyses providers’ financial data to ensure they have an up to date understanding of the sustainability of the sector.The OfS’ May 2024 report set out their assessment of the HE sector’s financial health for the 2022/23 financial year and forecasts for the next four financial years. On 15 November, the OfS published an update to this report, which found that the financial context for the HE sector has become more challenging since the May report. The government works closely with the OfS to understand the financial landscape in the sector.While the sector is autonomous and independent, the government is determined to secure the future of our world-leading HE sector. That is why we have taken decisive action to support providers in moving towards a more stable financial footing.In March, Professor Edward Peck was appointed as substantive Chair of the OfS. Professor Peck will continue the work of interim Chair, Sir David Behan, focusing on the sector’s financial sustainability and increasing opportunities in HE.Moreover, in November, my right hon. Friend, the Secretary of State for Education announced the difficult decision to increase tuition fee limits in line with forecast inflation. The maximum fee for a standard full-time undergraduate course in the 2025/26 academic year will increase by 3.1%, from £9,250 to £9,535. In return for the increased investment we are asking students to make, the department expects the sector to deliver the very best outcomes, both for those students and for the country.The department is clear that HE providers need to ensure their governance arrangements are robust and facilitate prudent, transparent and strategic financial planning. Providers must also ensure they are fit for purpose more widely, including upholding academic freedom, freedom of speech and ensuring good quality of provision. The OfS has recently consulted on proposals to strengthen the conditions related to management and governance for providers that wish to join its register.The government also recognises the impact that financial pressures are having on the HE workforce. We are aware that some providers are making difficult decisions around staffing in order to safeguard their financial sustainability. Given universities are independent, they are responsible for pay and provision of staff and the government does not have a role in intervening. However, we expect providers to work with staff, using their knowledge and experience to help identify how best to operate efficiently. All efficiency measures taken by the sector should provide a better long-term future for staff, students and the country.This government is determined to build a HE system fit for the future. Ministers and departmental officials remain dedicated to engaging with the OfS, the employer body, HE unions and the wider sector. Regular discussions are being held to gain a deeper understanding of the issues impacting HE providers, students and staff. This collaborative effort will contribute to the development of the department’s plan for HE reform, which we will publish in the summer.